Institutional conditions and social innovations in emerging economies: insights from Mexican enterprises’ initiatives for protecting/preventing the effect of violent events

Latin-American countries are characterised by societal problems like violence, crime, corruption, the informality that influence any entrepreneurial activity developed by individuals/organisations. Social innovations literature confront “wicked problems” with strong interdependencies among different systems/actors. Yet, little is known about how firms use innovation to hedge against economic, political or societal uncertainties (i.e., violence, social movements, democratisation, pandemic). By translating social innovation and institutional theory approaches, this study analyses the influence of formal institutions (government programs and actions) and informal institutions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) on the development/implementation of enterprises’ technological initiatives for protecting/preventing of victimisation. By using data from 5525 establishments interviewed in the 2012/2014 National Victimisation Survey of the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), our findings shows that formal conditions (government programs) and informal conditions (corruption, extortion and informal trade) are associated with an increment in the number of enterprises’ social innovations. Our findings also contribute to the debate about institutional conditions, social innovations, and the role of ecosystems’ actors in developing economies. A provoking discussion and implications for researchers, managers and policymakers emerge from this study

The Integration of Western Hemisphere Grain Markets in the Eighteenth Century: Early Progress and Decline of Globalization

In this work it is shown evidence supporting the idea that, if globalization is defined as the convergence of commodity prices between distant markets, the process started and advanced gradually in the eighteenth century instead of suddenly appearing after 1820, as claimed by the canonical version developed in a series of important works by O’Rourke and Williamson (1999, 2002, 2004). We use long time-series of grain prices for several markets in Western Europe and the Americas to explore the extent and dynamics of market integration across the Western Hemisphere throughout the eighteenth century. An innovative methodology, consisting in studying the standard deviations of the innovations in the ARMA model of pairwise relative prices between markets, is used. A general decrease in price dispersion is observed when the early eighteenth century is compared with the three decades preceding 1793. Neither Argentina nor Mexico participated in this general trend towards closer market integration across the Western Hemisphere. From 1793 to 1828 we observe a substantial increase in dispersion between markets. After this first backlash, globalization resumed at an unprecedented pace since it was favored by the transport revolution and other factors.En este trabajo se muestra que, si se acepta la definición de globalización como convergencia de los precios de mercancías de amplio consumo entre mercados distantes entre sí, el proceso comenzó y avanzó gradualmente in el siglo XVIII en vez de “explotar” después de 1820, como sostiene la versión canónica desarrollada en una serie de importantes trabajos de O’Rourke y Williamson (1999, 2002 y 2004). Usamos series históricas largas de precios de granos en varios mercados de Europa Occidental y América para determinar el alcance y la dinámica de la integración de mercados en el Hemisferio Occidental durante el siglo XVIII. Nuestra metodología es original, pues consiste en estudiar las desviaciones standard de las innovaciones en los modelos ARMA de las series de precios relativos entre pares de mercados. Un descenso general de la dispersión de precios se observa al comparar los inicios del siglo XVIII con las tres décadas que preceden a 1793. Ni Argentina ni México participan en esta tendencia general hacia una mayor integración de los mercados del Hemisferio Occidental. Entre 1793 y 1828 observamos un aumento sustancial de la dispersión entre mercados. Tras este primer retroceso, la globalización se relanzó a un ritmo antes desconocido gracias a la revolución de los transportes y otros factores.market integration, globalization, mercados de integración, globalización.

Entrepreneurial university ecosystems and graduates' career patterns: do entrepreneurship education programmes and university business incubators matter?

Purpose This paper provides insights about how graduates' career patterns (i.e. academic entrepreneur, self-employed or paid employed) are influenced by entrepreneurial university ecosystems (i.e. incubators and entrepreneurship education programs). Design/methodology/approach By adopting Douglas and Shepherd's utility-maximising function, the influence of one entrepreneurial university ecosystem on graduates' career choices was tested using a sample of 11,512 graduates from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) in Mexico. Findings Our results show the critical role of entrepreneurial universities ecosystems in facilitating employability options as academic entrepreneurship for ITESM's graduates. The study shows some insights about how graduates' risk aversion and work effort are positively influenced by the university business incubator and entrepreneurship education programs, respectively. Practical implications Diverse implications for stakeholders have emerged from our results. These implications are associated with potential benefits of implementing programmes oriented to engage academic entrepreneurship within Latin American universities. Originality/value Entrepreneurial universities provide a range of employability alternatives for their students, such as to be self-employed, academic entrepreneurs or paid employees. In this scenario, entrepreneurial universities have configured entrepreneurial ecosystems (educational programmes, business incubators and other infrastructures) to support potential entrepreneurs (students, academics, staff and alumni). Despite the relevance of the environmental conditions on individuals' occupational choices, few studies have explored the role of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability. In this vein, our study contributes to some academic discussions: (1) the role of context on career choice models (Ilouga et al., 2014; Sieger and Monsen, 2015), (2) the role of incubators and entrepreneurship education on fostering academic entrepreneurship on the graduates' community (Nabi et al., 2017; Good et al., 2019; Guerrero and Urbano, 2019a) and (3) the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability (Herrera et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2017)

Do employees’ generational cohorts influence corporate venturing? A multilevel analysis

Organizations are facing an interesting phenomenon in the composition of theirworkforce: the concurrence of multiple age generations that demand suitablestrategies regarding work design, job satisfaction, and incentives. Ongoingentrepreneurship and strategic management debates require a betterunderstanding of the relationship between workplace generational cohorts’configurations and organizational performance. We propose a conceptual modelfor understanding how a diversified workforce influences some determinants(i.e., employees’ human capital and attitudes, organizational climate, andenvironmental conditions) of entrepreneurial organizations’ outcomes (i.e.,corporate venturing). Our framework offers insights into corporate venturingdeterminants for three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers, Generation X, andGeneration Y. Using a sample of 20,256 employees across 28 countries, ourfindings lend support to the positive effect of individual and organizationaldeterminants on corporate venturing, as well as how these effects are reinforcedper generational cohort. Specifically, our results show that younger generations(millennials) have more propensity to be involved in corporate venturingactivities. This study also contributes to thought-provoking implications forentrepreneurial organizational leaders who manage employees from differentgenerations

Convergence and Cointegration

This paper provides a new, uni¯ed, and °exible framework to measure and characterize convergence in prices. We formally de¯ne this notion and propose a model to represent a wide range of transition paths that converge to a common steady-state. Our framework enables the econometric measurement of such transi- tional behaviors and the development of testing procedures. Speci¯cally, we derive a statistical test to determine whether convergence exists and, if so, which type: as catching-up or steady-state. The application of this methodology to historic wheat prices results in a novel explanation of the convergence processes experienced during the 19th century.Price convergence, cointegration, law of one price.

Evaluation of maturity level management system based on quality iso 9004:2009; audit area

Las demandas y expectativas propias de los mercados actuales a nivel global propenden porque todas las organizaciones desarrollen y mantengan un sistema de gestión orientado al total y constante aseguramiento de la calidad en sus procesos, con el ánimo fundamental de alcanzar un nivel de competitividad y sostenibilidad empresarial en el largo plazo. Así mismo, este nivel de eficiencia para la realización de sus actividades y la relación con el cliente, inducen hacía un posicionamiento de la imagen corporativa y de sus buenas prácticas como compañía, con bases sólidas y sustentadas en la oferta de productos y servicios de alta calidad. Es a partir de lo expuesto anteriormente que la promoción constante dentro de la organización por el desarrollo de procesos de auto evaluación, se fundamenta como una herramienta significativa para el reconocimiento puntual del nivel de madurez actual de sus procesos, con base al Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad queriendo, y de tal forma que se puedan identificar las verdaderas fortalezas y debilidades, y también oportunidades tanto para la mejora continua, como para la innovación del negocio. En el presente trabajo se realiza un diagnóstico sobre el nivel de madurez del Sistema de Gestión de Calidad basado en la Norma ISO 9004:2009 de la empresa “objeto de estudio”. Esta organización ha implementado dicho sistema y ha logrado certificarse bajo la Norma ISO 9001:2008. Lo anterior, enfocándonos totalmente en el área de auditoría, y relacionando el desempeño actual del sistema de gestión.Today’s global demand and local markets´ expectations of the current global market trend, in the organizations, to develop and maintain a system oriented management guide to a quality assurance processes, with the aim to achieve a level of competitiveness and corporate sustainability term. Also, this level of efficiency induces in the positioning of the corporate image and the good practice of organization with a high quality service. The constant promotion within the organization could be a significant tool for the recognition of the level of maturity of their processes. Also it is possible to identify true strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities for continuous improvement to business innovation. In this paper an analysis of the maturity level of the Quality Management System based on ISO 9004:2009 of the company studded. This organization has implemented this system and achieved certification under ISO 9001:2008. This paper is focusing on the audit area and relating the current performance management system

Cliometric essays on Mexican migration to the United States

There is a lack of cliometric literature addressing the characteristics of Mexican migration during the Age of Mass migration (1850–1914). To fill this void, I analyze an original data set—the Mexican Border Crossing Records (MBCRs) publication N° A3365—to disentangle the initial mechanics of Mexican migration in the early twentieth century. I first offer a historical overview on Mexican migration to the United States in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, I introduce these novel micro data that record individual characteristics of migrants that crossed the Mexico-US border from 1906 to 1908. In Chapter 3, I address the initial determinants of the Mexican-American migration stream. I use the migrant’s location of last residence and final destination to identify migration corridors at the local level (migration streams between Mexican municipalities and US counties). In addition, I provide a quantitative assessment of the push and pull factors that may explain differences in migration intensity across corridors. These factors include the US-Mexico wage gap, market potentials, living standards and access to railways. In Chapter 4, I use the migrant’s height—a proxy for physical productivity of labor—to quantify the selectivity of Mexican migration. In addition, I exploit the Panic of 1907 as a natural experiment of history to study the speed that migrant self-selection adjust and change to both environmental and economic factors. This financial crisis provides me with exogenous variation in height to evaluate if unexpected shocks affecting the demand of immigrant workers can induce short-run changes in migrant self-selection. To explain shifts in selection patterns, I focus on labor institutions as mechanism of adjustment. Specifically, I study the enganche, a system of labor recruiting that neutralized mobility and job-search costs. In Chapter 5, I exploit the reported locations of birth, last residence and destination to classify migrants based on their chosen migration method: direct or stage migration. The micro data reveal that forty percent of the migrants moved within Mexico before crossing the border. I estimate correlations between stage migration and potential wage at the destination controlling for the immigrants’ age, literacy, sex, marital status and birthplace. In Chapter 6, I offer some concluding remarks. My findings expand our knowledge about the initial patterns of Mexican migration using micro data not analyzed previously. They show that in the early twentieth century, the decision to migrate was a function of diverse forces, which effects and magnitudes varied across Mexican regions. Also, Mexican migration was characterized by an intermediate or positive selection, and labor institutions involved in the migration process shaped migrant self-selection. Finally, Mexicans used stage migration to reach the US border, and it was associated with a significant wage premium at the destination